"Life Processes Class X Chapter One Solved Questions and Answers" Part-2
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Q.1. What happens when haemoglobin binds with carbon dioxide?
Answer: When carbon dioxide binds with haemoglobin, present in blood, carbanimohaemoglobin is formed.
Q.2. What is respiration?
Answer: Respiration is a catabolic process in which stepwise breakdown of respiratory substrate (mainly glucose) occurs with the liberation of energy in the form of ATP.
Q.3. What are the two end products of anaerobic respiration?
Answer: Ethanol and lactic acid.
Q.4. Where can you see anaerobic respiration?
Answer: Anaerobic respiration takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell.
Q.5. What is the rate of breathing in human beings under normal condition?
Answer: The rate of breathing in human beings under normal conditions is 15-18 times per minute.
Q.6. What are the different stages of respiration?
Answer: The different stages of respiration are- glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Kreb's cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
Q.7. What is the site of glycolysis?
Answer: Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.
Q.8. Where does Kreb's cycle occur?
Answer: Kreb's cycle occurs in the mitochondria.
Read more: "Life Processes Class X Chapter One Solved Questions and Answers" Part-3
Q.9. Name the Organisms in which direct respiration occurs?
Answer: Unicellular organisms.
Q.10. Where does indirect respiration occurs?
Answer: In larger or complex form of organisms.
Q.11. Which organelle in a cell is associated with the production of energy by aerobic respiration?
Answer: Mitochondria.
Q.12. Name the respiratory organs of animals like fish that live in water.
Answer: Gills.
Q.13. Name the two ways in which glucose is oxidized to provide energy in various organisms.
Answer: Aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Q.14. What are pneumatophores?
Answer: Plants growing in mangroves or saline swamps have breathing or respiratory roots called pneumatophores.
Q.15. Mentioned two characteristics that are possessed by almost all the respiratory oragns.
Answer:
- They have a structure that increases the surface area which is in contact with the oxygen rich atmosphere.
- The surface through which exchange of gases takes place is very fine and delicate.
Answer: Lungs are divided into a smaller structure called bronchi which are divided into bronchioles. Fine branches of bronchioles terminate in balloon-like structures called alveoli, which are the actual sites of gaseous exchange. The alveoli provide a larger surface area and maximise the exchange of gases inside the lungs.
Q.17. Name the processes involved in human respiration.
Answer: Inhalation and exhalation.
Q.18. State the role of following in the human respiratory system:
- Diaphragm
- Alveoli
- Diaphragm: During inhalation, the muscles attached to the diaphragm contract so that the diaphragm lowers down and becomes flat due to which thoracic cavity enlarges. Upon exhalation, diaphragm relaxes and moves upward.
- Alveoli: The alveoli provide a surface where the exchange of gases can occur in the lungs.
Answer: In human beings, breathing is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs. The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity, which is surrounded by the rib cage and the diaphragm, a muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
When we inhale, or breathe in, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. At the same time, the intercostal muscles, which are located between the ribs, also contract, lifting the rib cage and expanding the thoracic cavity even further. This creates a lower pressure inside the lungs, which causes air to flow in through the nose or mouth, through the trachea, and into the lungs.
When we exhale, or breathe out, the diaphragm relaxes and moves upward, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. At the same time, the intercostal muscles relax, lowering the rib cage and decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity even further. This creates a higher pressure inside the lungs, which causes air to flow out of the lungs, through the trachea, and out of the nose or mouth.
Q.20. How are oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in human beings?
Answer: In human beings, oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood. Oxygen is transported by the red blood cells, which contain a protein called haemoglobin. Haemoglobin binds to oxygen in the lungs and carries it to the body's tissues, where it is released and used in cellular respiration.
Carbon dioxide is mostly transported in the dissolved form in our blood because it is more soluble in water than oxygen.
Q.21. Explain the process by which inhalation occurs during breathing in human beings.
Answer: Inhalation, or breathing in, is the process by which air is brought into the lungs. In human beings, inhalation is an active process that is driven by the contraction of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles.
The diaphragm is a muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. This creates a lower pressure inside the lungs, which causes air to flow in through the nose or mouth, through the trachea, and into the lungs.
The intercostal muscles are located between the ribs. When these muscles contract, they lift the rib cage, expanding the thoracic cavity even further. This also creates a lower pressure inside the lungs, which causes air to flow in.
Together, the contraction of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles increase the volume of the thoracic cavity, creating a pressure gradient that causes air to flow into the lungs. The nose and mouth act as the inlet where the air is filtered, humidified and warmed before entering the lungs.
Q.22. Explain the process of breakdown of glucose in a cell (i) in the presence of oxygen (ii) in the absence of oxygen.
Answer: (i) In the presence of oxygen: The breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen is known as cellular respiration. It is a multi-step process that occurs in the mitochondria, the organelles responsible for energy production in cells.
The process of cellular respiration can be divided into three main stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain.
Glycolysis: This is the first stage of cellular respiration and occurs in the cytoplasm. It involves the breakdown of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, along with the production of a small amount of ATP.
The citric acid cycle: The pyruvate produced in glycolysis is transported into the mitochondria, where it is converted into acetyl-CoA. This enters the citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, where a series of chemical reactions occur and 2 ATP, 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 are produced.
The electron transport chain: The NADH and FADH2 produced in the citric acid cycle transfer their electrons to a series of protein complexes located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. This process generates ATP through a process called oxidative phosphorylation.
In total, cellular respiration generates 36-38 ATP from one molecule of glucose.
(ii) In the absence of oxygen: In the absence of oxygen, cells cannot perform cellular respiration. Instead, they have to rely on anaerobic respiration, which is a less efficient process of breaking down glucose. The most common form of anaerobic respiration is fermentation.
Lactic acid fermentation: In this process, pyruvate produced in glycolysis is converted into lactic acid, with the production of 2 ATP.
Alcoholic fermentation: In this process, pyruvate is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide with the production of 2 ATP.
Both lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation are less efficient than cellular respiration, as they only produce a small amount of ATP compared to the 36-38 ATP produced by cellular respiration.
Q.23. Explain the processes of 'aerobic' respiration and 'anaerobic' respiration.
Answer: Aerobic respiration is a process by which cells convert the energy stored in glucose and other organic molecules into ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in the presence of oxygen. This process takes place in the mitochondria, the organelles responsible for energy production in cells. The process of aerobic respiration can be broken down into three stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain.
Glycolysis: This is the first stage of aerobic respiration and occurs in the cytoplasm. It involves the breakdown of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, along with the production of a small amount of ATP.
The citric acid cycle: The pyruvate produced in glycolysis is transported into the mitochondria, where it is converted into acetyl-CoA. This enters the citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, where a series of chemical reactions occur and 2 ATP, 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 are produced.
The electron transport chain: The NADH and FADH2 produced in the citric acid cycle transfer their electrons to a series of protein complexes located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. This process generates ATP through a process called oxidative phosphorylation.
Anaerobic respiration, on the other hand, is a process that occurs in the absence of oxygen. This means that the cells cannot perform cellular respiration, which is why they have to rely on anaerobic respiration, which is a less efficient process of breaking down glucose. The most common forms of anaerobic respiration are lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.
Lactic acid fermentation: In this process, pyruvate produced in glycolysis is converted into lactic acid, with the production of 2 ATP.
Alcoholic fermentation: In this process, pyruvate is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide with the production of 2 ATP.
Both lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation are less efficient than aerobic respiration, as they only produce a small amount of ATP compared to the 36-38 ATP produced by aerobic respiration.
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